Under which conditions may research with children be eligible for exemption under Category 2?

Research involving educational tests is eligible for exemption under Category 2 because this category pertains specifically to studies that involve minimal risk to the participants, such as those that utilize educational assessments or tests that are routinely administered in educational settings. Category 2 also allows researchers to collect data through methods that do not require parental permission, provided the tests are typically used in educational settings and do not reveal personally identifiable information.

In the context of the other options, conducting research outside of school hours might not qualify for exemption since the timing alone does not reduce the potential risk to children. Similarly, while observational techniques can sometimes fall under exemption categories, they would need to ensure they adhere to specific guidelines, and making observations does not inherently make the research minimal risk just by its nature. Finally, assessments for physical health often involve higher levels of risk, which typically do not meet the exemption criteria unless they are non-invasive and entirely voluntary, and this assurance is not definitively guaranteed in the context given.